French colonization played a huge role in the spread of...

French colonization played a huge role in the spread of communism in Vietnam, due to poor treatment. I’m writing about this topic because as Americans we know communism is wrong. Yet, I feel that it’s important for people to know why the Vietnamese people were communist and how it came about. French colonization lead to many rebellions in Vietnam. Since the Vietnamese people were in such a bad state and wanted to be liberated they turned to communism. The Vietnamese rebellions used communism to unite the people and push forth their rebellion. The French’s began to colonize Vietnam in 1874. The Vietnamese people gave the French a hard time during the â€Å"Pacification Period.† During this time the French tried to gain control of†¦show more content†¦The death of the man who betrayed Nghi started another uprising in Annam but this soon ended as well. The resistance in Tongking did not last as long as the resistance in Annam. The French were able to actually gain support in Tonking because they got rid of all the pirates there. In Tongking movement was never made to coordinate resistance under a central leadership. The rebels fought their own local wars. The French made deals with the rebel chiefs giving them the right to levy taxes and keep armies to stop the opposition of the Regime. Some of these Rebels became collaborates with the French, until the French were able to destroy them. Nothing in these rebellions were won or learned for either the French or the Vietnamese. The year 1900 became a point of departure in Vietnams political history. The French failed to realize their victory was only temporary. Leadership in Vietnam was now under new men. These men wanted to replace to have a legitimate national ruler who was able to combine Vietnamese values with western ideas. This identification only satisfied the countries elite though and not it’s peasants. The peasants only supported the elites because they had no other choice. The Ruler that first did this was a man named Phan Boi Chau. Chau began his political career in 1900. He was the first prominent Vietnamese nationalist. He figured Asia would always be victim of the west if they did not use western Ideas. After the warShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesreturn to trends reminiscent of the opening decades of the twentieth century and a major break from the prevailing dynamics of the cold war. In addition to the problems posed for conceptualizing the twentieth century as a discrete era of world history due to overlap with the preceding period and disconcertingly radical shifts in the course of global development in the 1900s, contradictory forces and trends, which perhaps more than any other attribute distinguish this turbulent phase of the human experience

Animal Farm By George Orwell - 845 Words

The Russian Revolution in 1917 was portrayed in Animal Farm, to show how the government is more unequal, totalitarian and brutal just like presently. Animal Farm is created by George Orwell, who displays this story as a ridicule, teaches a lesson by showing the dangers of propaganda, and uses animals to hide the original individuals. During the Revolution, Russians had lost hope in Czar Nicholas II due to his rampant behavior and how the government was slowing separating; therefore, he had a short-term. The Bolshevik s was a political party led by Vladimir Lenin who had led a revolution, successfully overthrown the Czarist regime and set up the new government. After Lenin s death, a bitter battle with Joseph Stalin who was head of the Communist Party and Leon Trotsky follower of Marxist theory had formed. Stalin gains control over the government and the country falls under totalitarianism. This dystopian novella is used by having disputable characters and shows the risks of abusing l anguage and power. In this book, George Orwell illustrates how his characters are involved in manipulation that leads to unfairness and corruption. Orwell exemplifies how Napoleon is an allegorical character named Joseph Stalin, who banishes Leon Trotsky created as Snowball; due to his animosity toward him. Napoleon is seen at first to be a good leader, but he is eventually taken over by greed. They dashed straight for Snowball, who only sprang from his place just in time toShow MoreRelatedAnimal Farm And George Orwell By George Orwell1034 Words   |  5 Pages Eric Arthur Blair, under the pseudonym of George Orwell, composed many novels in his lifetime that were considered both politically rebellious and socially incorrect. Working on the dream since childhood, Orwell would finally gain notoriety as an author with his 1945 novel Animal Farm, which drew on personal experiences and deeply rooted fear to satirically critique Russian communism during its expansion. Noticing the impact he made, he next took to writing the novel 1984, which similarly criticizedRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell1397 Words   |  6 PagesAn important quote by the influential author of Animal Farm, George Orwell, is, â€Å"Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism.† George Orwell, a Democratic Socialist, wrote the book Animal Farm as an attack on the Communist country of Russia (â€Å"The Political Ideas of George Orwell,† worldsocialism.org). He had a very strong disliking of Communism and the Socialist party of Russia. However, he insisted on finding the truthRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1545 Words   |  7 Pagesallow because an this elite institution of people often use this gear to dominate and oppress society. In George Orwell’s story, Animal Farm, Orwell demonstrates that education is a powerful weapon and is a device that can be used to at least one’s benefit. Living in a world where strength is a straightforward to benefit, the pigs quick use education to govern the relaxation of the animals on the farm to serve themselves worked to their advantage. This story in shows the underlying message that   firstRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell944 Words   |  4 Pageslegs(Orwell 132). He carried a whip in his trotter(Orwell 133). In the novel Animal Farm by George Orwell, animals have the ability to talk and form their own ethos, Animalism. Animal Farm is an intriguing allegory by George Orwell, who is also th e author of 1984, includes many enjoyable elements. More knowledge of the author, his use of allegorical elements, themes, symbols, and the significance in the real world, allows the reader to get more out of this glance into the future. George OrwellRead MoreAnimal Farm by George Orwell1100 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Widely acknowledged as a powerful allegory, the 1945 novella Animal Farm, conceived from the satirical mind of acclaimed author George Orwell, is a harrowing fable of a fictional dystopia that critiques the socialist philosophy of Stalin in terms of his leadership of the Soviet Union. Tired of their servitude to man, a group of farm animals revolt and establish their own society, only to be betrayed into worse servitude by their leaders, the pigs, whose initial virtuous intentionsRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell1538 Words   |  7 PagesMecca Animal Farm The Russian Revolution in 1917 shows how a desperate society can be turned into a military superpower filled with terror and chaos. George Orwell uses his book, Animal Farm, to parallel this period of time in history. This book is an allegory of fascism and communism and the negative outcomes. The animals begin with great unity, working toward a common goal. The government then becomes corrupted by the temptations of power. George Orwell uses the characters in Animal Farm to showRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell876 Words   |  4 Pagesrebellious animals think no man means freedom and happiness, but they need to think again. The animals of Manor Farm rebel against the farm owner, Mr. Jones, and name it Animal Farm. The animals create Animalism, with seven commandments. As everything seems going well, two of the animals get into a rivalry, and things start changing. Food starts disappearing and commandments are changed, and the power begins to shift. Father of dystopian genre, G eorge Orwell writes an interesting allegory, Animal FarmRead MoreAnimal Farm by George Orwell1175 Words   |  5 PagesAn enthusiastic participant in the Spanish civil war in 1936, George Orwell had a great understanding of the political world and made his strong opinions known through his enlightening literary works, many of which are still read in our modern era. Inspired by the 1917 Russian Revolution and the failed society it resulted in, Animal Farm by George Orwell is an encapsulating tale that epitomises how a free utopian society so idealistic can never be accomplished. The novella exemplifies how influencesRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1089 Words   |  5 PagesIn George Orwell’s â€Å"Animal Farm†, the pigs as the farm leaders, use unknown language, invoke scare tactics and create specific laws, thereby enabling them to control other animals, to suit their greedy desires, and to perform actions outside their realm of power. Because of the pigsâ⠂¬â„¢ use of broad language, and the implementation of these tactics they are able to get away with avoiding laws, and are able to convince other animals into believing untrue stories that are beneficial to the pigs. The firstRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell999 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Farm Essay George Gurdjieff was an influential spiritual teacher in the early twentieth century. He references in the following quote that when one is uneducated he will always remain a slave. â€Å"Without self knowledge, without understanding the working and functions of his machine, man cannot be free, he cannot govern himself and he will always remain a slave.† (Gurdjieff) This ties in with how the animals are treated in George Orwell’s Animal Farm. Animal Farm is a novella about animals who

The Economics of Running a Genomics Company Free Essays

string(76) " in that any other firm could discover the gene’s function and patent it\." Genset IPO Prof. Nahata FIN 9774 1. What are the economics of running a genomics company? What is the role of large pharmaceuticals in genomics? How competitive is the genomics industry? Running a genomics company is extremely capital intensive. We will write a custom essay sample on The Economics of Running a Genomics Company or any similar topic only for you Order Now Research and development, patenting, and developing marketable products cost a lot of money. The associated dangers of working with patents are also at issue here. Genset must be able to defend its patent in court against patent trolls, which can layer additional costs upon the capital intensive primary business activities of the firm. At this point in time, the patent situation surrounding mapped genes is also tentative. The US courts have yet to rule on the patent status of genes, making the market for patented genes suspect. The other difficulty of the genomics industry is turning research into revenue. It takes a very long time to turn a patented gene into a medical product, which has to pass through several rounds of scrutiny before entering the market. Even if Genset is able to find a major gene, they might not see returns for several years. Large pharmaceutical companies are integral to the genomics industry. Genset researches genes that are related to a wide variety of diseases. However, many mapped genes will not be linked to any underlying genetic disorder. The genes that are linked to treatable disorders must be researched to discover chemical compounds that interact with genes to treat the underlying disorder. While Genset has the intellectual capability to research the genes, they are not capable of developing drugs to interact with the genes they have mapped. Through licensing agreements, genomics companies could decrease the risk and amount of time before they could report positive earnings. The licensing agreements generated revenue immediately by selling some or all of the rights to future applications of specific genes. Thus the genomics companies did not have to wait for the future applications to mature before they could realize positive earnings. The industry is also extremely competitive. There are 114 biotechnology companies in France, with an additional 1,050 in the United States. Several genomic companies have already passed through their IPOs with mixed success. Competition is fierce to discover every human gene. It is a race to see who finds and catalogues all the human genes by the end of the millennium. By early 1996, there was an intense race to map all genes and genomics companies were getting closer to finishing the task every day. There is also heavy competition between the genomic companies and pharmaceutical companies. 2. What is happening at other genomics companies? What is Genset’s competitive position in the genomics industry? Many genomics companies have passed through IPOs and private funding rounds. At 250 employees, Genset is larger than all the other comparable companies provided in the case. Many other companies are operating in the sequencing business, developing libraries of sequenced genes. Beyond private companies, many research universities, government-sponsored facilities, and research institutions are also sequencing genes. While progress has not been lightening fast, it is worth noting that there is a finite supply of genes in the human genome. The amount of genes that are functional from Genset’s perspective is unknown. While competition to discover every gene was fierce, Genset was engaged in the systematic and comprehensive analysis of the genetic map of the humans to identify and patent genes and regulatory regions related to selected common diseases. Genset was a unique firm because it was both creating a library of genes and researching the genetic causes of diseases. They intended to discover drugs to treat these diseases and enter into strategic partnerships with pharmaceutical companies to develop and market these drugs. Genset not only researches genes, but it also is the world’s largest creator of synthetic DNA. Bradys believes that this line of business is extremely important to Genset’s future. Part of the desired $70 million will be devoted to tripling the output of synthetic DNA by updating its sequencing machines and increasing its workforce. Part of the money was needed to finance more equipment purchases and further research for its DNA mapping and sequencing operations to beat its competition. The industry is expanding quickly, with many small, nascent firms popping up, searching for private funding. The landscape is expanding quickly, with each firm trying to find ways to monetize their findings as quickly as possible. 3. What are the key success factors in genomics? What are the risk factors? What is the nature of cash flows in genomics? To be successful in genomics, a firm must have capital to acquire the necessary equipment and personnel to quickly map and patent genes. Given the finite amount of genes available to map, the genomics industry is truly deadlocked in a race to sequence the human genome. While raising the necessary capital is difficult, the more difficult aspect of the genomics industry is finding ways to monetize their research. Genset is fortunate to be the world leader in synthetic DNA. While their research may take years to pay off, their synthetic DNA operation gives them a reliable revenue stream. Genset is unique within the genomics industry in that respect and another: they are not just sequencing genes; they are also researching the genetic causes of diseases. This additional research makes their genetic patents and research more valuable to pharmaceutical companies that will be assured that they are pursuing worthwhile genes. To achieve profitability, Genset needed to successfully discover genes related to particular diseases, find partners to develop the products, conduct clinical trials, get regulatory approvals, and successfully manufacture and market such products. But the risk with this plan was that, Genset was based in France and patented its discoveries in France and the Euro zone countries. They were also unsure if the discovered gene fragments or genes (without known functions) could be patented. This was a BIG risk, in that any other firm could discover the gene’s function and patent it. You read "The Economics of Running a Genomics Company" in category "Papers" Also since they did not have any patents in America, where they were considering raising money put a big question on the viability of the plan. There was also the possibility that the patents, mainly on which the firm’s value was based on, were broad enough to give the firm a competitive advantage besides any patent could be challenged, invalidated or circumvented by others. . Are Genset’s cash flow projections reasonable? How much cash does the company need and when? To achieve profitability, Genset needed to successfully discover the genes associated with particular diseases and find appropriate strategic partners to develop products, conduct clinical trials and obtain regulatory approva ls. Genset entered into a three-year strategic alliance with Syntehlabo SA which focused on discovering genes associated with prostate cancer. They were also under discussions with an affiliate of Johnson Johnson to target schizophrenia. Their financial projections showed that in the future the company expected its revenues to come primarily from these types of contract revenues. The company has also filed three patent applications in France relating to its gene sequencing techniques. They are projecting their revenues based on successfully discovering these genes. Genset is looking to acquire approximately $70 million to finance more equipment purchases and further research. The company needed $30 million for capital expenditures including expansion of its TGS high throughput sequencing facility, the construction of a new mapping facility and polymorphism scanning lab. Another $40 million would fund ongoing research and development expenses. The funds were needed almost immediately. Without this technology and research, Genset would fall behind with no chance to recover. Raising this capital would be Genset’s largest financing project and would augment the $54. 2 million of funding raised through private equity (70. 4%), bank loans (13. 5%), government bonds (7. %) and other loans (8. 9%). We believe that Genset’s cash flow projections could be overstated since a major part of their cash flow source is contract revenues which would have to be made with Pharmaceutical firms. The case mentions that currently all the patents that Genset has are registered and protected in Europe. Most pharmaceutical firms on the other hand are based in North A merica with it being the largest market and unless all the patents that Genset are are registered and protected in North America, we believe they would not be in a position to achieve those cash flows. Hence we have discounted these cash flows by 40% initially. Also we believe that post an IPO and strategic investors from North America, Genset will develop the capability and expertise to pursue these patents listed in N. A and achieve the growth that they expect now. Thus we have a terminal growth rate of 5% factored in our model. However we have factored in the capital expenditure schedule that the firm has planned on the onset and that has been factored in the model since these expenses are essential in the pursuit of the firm’s future projections. 5. What is the current state of the financial markets? Are they conducive for an initial public offering by Genset? Would a private placement be a better alternative? The current state of the financial markets is healthy. Recent IPOs by other genomics firms have fared very well, despite the inherent risk in the business. Gene research is seen as the future of science, just as physics was the driving science of the early twentieth century. Given the success of recent offerings (with Human Genome Sciences and Myriad Genetics being the most successful), Genset is correct o investigate the possibility of a public offering. US capital is flowing into genomics at a steady clip, making it an appealing source of funding. The conditions associated with private funding make it less appealing to Genset. Genset is also unlikely to be able to raise their capital requirements through private funding alone. They have already received $54. 2 million in private funding, with 59. 3% of their shares owned by private investors. Private investment in biotechnology is at an all-time high, but funds are restricted from putting more than 10% of their total capital into any one business. This may require that Genset form deals with multiple funds, further dividing their remaining equity. Also there is a possibility that post these deals, while Genset would further dilute their equity there could be a situation where they could again be short of funds and raising funds in the future via this route could/could not be difficult. However once you access the public markets there is always the option of accessing the markets continuously for multiple capital raising activities. Thus going public sounds much more attractive. Also in the future, given the right strategic partner and if making continued contract revenue agreements becomes difficult they could also enter into a partnership or joint venture. Given that the firm would then have stock that is listed on the bourses makes this much more easier and hence going public is an extremely attractive choice. 6. Should Brandys take such extreme measures to issue stock in both France and the US? Why is he doing it? What additional costs and requirements are raised in doing so? Bradys is understandably weary about issuing stock in both France and the US. The offering would cost Genset twice as much, losing roughly 20% of their raised capital to fees and services. Before the offering, Genset would need to review their financials and prepare their past statements to comply with both US and French law. They would also need to secure accountants, lawyers, and underwriters in both France and the US, which will cost the firm a hefty price. Bradys is pursuing this option to expose the firm to as many possible sources of funding as possible. The US capital market is deeper than that of France. However, since the firm is French, it is able to draw some of the most talented French scientists to its firm. The US genomics market is deeper, making the pursuit of human capital more difficult. Bradys understands that if he were to only make an offering in France, he would be incapable of raising their required funds. Bradys needs the US market not just for capital. He also needs the US pharmaceutical industry and patent protection. By having American capital, Genset can more effectively lobby the US government for the patent protection they need to make their mapped genes intellectual properties. It is also worth noting that Genset has plenty of cash reserves and is not as badly in need for capital as Bradys believes. While the US has yet to weigh in on patent protection for genes, the increased amount of commerce on the side of genomics indicates that the courts will most likely uphold the rights of companies to patent their library of genes alongside their patented processed. 7. Why is Genset going public now? Does it make sense? Genset is going public now because they need $70 million in capital to advance their research and to not fall behind other genomics companies. There are some positive points to going public now. Tapping into the US market makes sense because of the higher amount of venture capital expenditures over their native France. If Genset does not find a way to raise this capital, they will most likely fall out of competition among their direct competition. The drawbacks to going public are many. No other similar genomics business has raised $70 million in their IPO. The highest previous offering was by Human Genome Sciences, which raised $66. 7 million. However, Human Genome Sciences did not face the challenges of Genset. Most offerings lose 10% of their raised capital to offering related services. Genset could conceivably lose 20% of their offering value, as they must prepare for offerings in both France and the US. A dual offering would require accountants, lawyers, and services for two different markets in two different languages. If Genset were to achieve their desired level of $70 million, they would need to raise roughly $87. 5 million in capital, before related costs are tabulated. It makes sense that Genset go forward with an IPO at this time, although it is not without its dangers. If their IPO fails, the firm would be tainted and they would be hard pressed to raise capital elsewhere. They could instead seek more private capital, which would not preclude an IPO in the future. Even if another round of private capital falls short of the $70 million mark, they could receive bridge funds that would carry them to another round of funding through venture capital or an IPO. However, given the amount of firms entering the market, Genset could easily hurt their value by waiting. The markets could grow weary of genomics companies and fail to pony up capital to even the best companies. Genset should strike while the iron is hot, not wait until the market has cooled down. Genset must firmly trust their advantage of having the most talented French scientists in the US market. The flood of US-based genomics firm has diluted the talent pool of American scientists. Genset has a strong advantage in this respect. Coupled with their superiority in synthetic DNA and competitive edge in DNA sequencing, Genset is certain to be a much sought after stock. 8. What valuation would you put on Genset’s stock? Be sure to support your valuation with specific analysis. You could try to be creative here! We estimate Genset’s stock to be priced at $10. 57 per share. We are using a beta of 1. 6 which is based on the weighted market capital of all comparable companies. The reasoning behind this is that the majority of the listed firms are in the US and hence it is difficult to find closely comparable firms. We also use the P/E based valuations since the value of the firm will also depend on how the comparable firms have performed in the market post IPO. The terminal growth rate is 5% which is reasonable since we haven’t accepted the revenue streams given to us by the firm. We have reduced them to 60% of the firm’s estimates since the numbers look highly optimistic and could be difficult to achieve given the fact that the firms’ patents are registered only in Europe and could not be easily marketable in the US where most development and pharmaceutical firms are based. The revenues depend on agreements with pharmaceutical firms and if these agreements are subjective then the associated revenues will also be subjective. The core valuation itself comes from a variety of inputs that we considered. While we also did comparable company valuations, we agreed upon considering using the adjusted present values method which realizes a share price closest to that using a range of share prices obtained using the multiples method. We used a range of discount rates and P/E values associated with them, from the range of comparable firms given to us. We believe this gives us a range of valuations and taking out the High-Low values, we use the median Net Present Value of the firm and the associated stock price derived from it thus ending with a share price of $10. 57 and a NPV of $44. 796mn. We believe this is fair onservative valuation and reflective of the risk as well as the potential associated with the firm. This reflects a good middle ground for the investors to get in on a company with great potential as well as for the firm to capitalize on its unique position in the biomedical space. Adjusted Present Value Approach Inputs Tax Rate Unlevered Cost of Capital Cost of Debt Growth Rate (Product Sales – 2001 – 2003) Terminal Growth rate Other Income/Loss Depriciation (Straight Line) CAPEX (every year) All Value in Thousands 40% Asset Beta (comps) Risk Free Rate Market Risk Premium Terminal growth rate 1. 7 6. 05 7. 09 13. 62% 16. 2% 15. 00% 5. 00% 0 20% 3% $10,000. 0 DEBT 20,000 Adjusted Present Value (APV) (A) NPV of Unlevered Investment Date Revenues Expense Other Income/Loss Depreciation and Amortization EBIT EBIT(1-T) Add: Depreciation Gross Cash Flow Less: Capex Less: Change in WC Free Cash Flow Terminal Value PV Factor PV of Future Cash Flows (at time 0) NPV of Unlevered Investment (B) PV of Interest Tax Shields Date Debt (D) Interest Expense Tax Shield Terminal Value of Tax Shield PV Factor PV of Tax Shields (at time 0) NPV of Tax shield Infinite Horizon 1996 1 $12,700. $23,300. 0 $0. 0 $15,662. 6 $26,262. 6 $15,757. 6 $15,662. 6 $95. 0 $20,000. 0 $0. 0 $20,095. 0 1997 2 $21,300. 0 $26,800. 0 $0. 0 $17,662. 6 $23,162. 6 $13,897. 6 $17,662. 6 $ 3,765. 0 $10,000. 0 $0. 0 $6,235. 0 1998 3 $44,600. 0 $31,500. 0 $0. 0 $19,662. 6 $6,562. 6 $3,937. 6 $19,662. 6 $15,725. 0 $10,000. 0 $0. 0 $5,725. 0 1999 4 $68,600. 0 $36,700. 0 $0. 0 $21,662. 6 $10,237. 4 $6,142. 4 $21,662. 6 $27,805. 0 $10,000. 0 $0. 0 $17,805. 0 2000 5 $129,200. 0 $46,500. 0 $0. 0 $10,000. 0 $72,700. 0 $43,620. 0 $10,000. 0 $53,620. 0 $10,000. 0 $0. 0 $43,620. 0 2001 2002 2003 6 $148,580. $53,475. 0 $0. 0 $12,000. 0 $83,105. 0 $49,863. 0 $12,000. 0 $61,863. 0 $10,000. 0 $0. 0 $51,863. 0 7 $170,867. 0 $61,496. 3 $0. 0 $10,000. 0 $99,370. 8 $59,622. 5 $10,000. 0 $69,622. 5 $10,000. 0 $0. 0 $59,622. 5 8 $196,497. 1 $70,720. 7 $0. 0 $10,000. 0 $115,776. 4 $69,465. 8 $10,000. 0 $79,465. 8 $10,000. 0 $0. 0 $69,465. 8 $673,852. 8 0. 3601 $267,668. 6 $71,549. 8 0. 8801 $17,686. 4 $331,280. 9 0. 7747 $4,829. 9 0. 6818 $3,903. 3 0. 6001 $10,684. 5 0. 5282 $23,038. 3 0. 4649 $24,108. 7 0. 4091 $24,393. 8 1 $12,163. 2 $1,965. 0 $786. 0 2 $33,437. 2 $5,401. 9 $2,160. 7 3 $4 2,913. $6,932. 8 $2,773. 1 4 $41,347. 9 $6,679. 9 $2,671. 9 5 $27,550. 7 $4,450. 9 $1,780. 4 6 $20,000. 0 $3,231. 1 $1,292. 4 7 $20,000. 0 $3,231. 1 $1,292. 4 8 $20,000. 0 $3,231. 1 $1,292. 4 $8,000. 0 0. 860916465 0. 74117716 0. 63809162 0. 54934358 0. 47293893 0. 407160916 0. 350531536 $676. 68 $1,601. 50 $1,769. 49 $1,467. 82 $842. 00 $526. 22 $453. 04 0. 301778371 $2,804. 25 $10,141. 00 NPV of Project $341,421. 92 total debt market cap genome therapeutics 1. 4 131. 4 human genome sciences 6 697. 4 incyte pharmaceuticals 0. 1 244. 8 millenium pharmaceuticals. 2 7 myriad genetics 0. 307 sequana therapeutics 4. 1 189. 9 cash 0. 01065449 0. 008603384 0. 000408497 0. 002931596 0. 021590311 9 107. 5 41 17. 8 72. 5 41. 3 EV (calc) 123. 8 595. 9 203. 9 -10. 6 235. 4 152. 7 revenue 11. 2 9. 6 11. 1 22. 9 3. 6 12. 4 revenue multiple (calc) EBITDA 11. 05357143 0. 6 62. 07291667 -31. 1 18. 36936937 -10. 1 -0. 462882096 65. 38888889 -5. 2 12. 31451613 -6. 1 28. 12273006 0. 053571 -3. 23958 - 0. 90991 0 -1. 44444 -0. 49194 EBITDA multiple (calc) 206. 3333333 -19. 1607717 -20. 18811881 -45. 26923077 -25. 03278689 19. 33648503 MEAN MEDIAN HIGH LOW 28. 12 15. 34 65. 39 -0. 46 19. 4 -20. 19 206. 33 -45. 27 Base Case Total Revenue Total Expense Depreciation Taxable Income Taxes After Tax Depreciation Capital Expenditures FCF Terminal Value FCF Post Terminal Value PV – 1996 5. 84 2173. 6575 0. 6771654 1996 12700 23300 15662. 6 -26262. 6 0 -26262. 6 15662. 6 20000 -30600 -30600 $313,353. 57 1997 21300 26800 17662. 6 -23162. 6 0 -23162. 6 17662. 6 10000 -15500 -15500 1998 44600 31500 19662. 6 -6562. 6 0 -6562. 6 1999 68600 36700 21662. 6 10237. 4 3378. 342 6859. 058 2000 129200 46500 10000 72700 23991 48709 0. 596237 0. 30626 depreciation capex Depreciation 1992 1991 0. 19413 0. 016384 0. 017899 0. 107211 0. 053256 0. 080234 includes patent purchase+investing activities 1 2 3 4 5 6 20 32 19. 2 11. 52 11. 52 5. 76 19662. 6 21662. 6 10000 10000 3100 18521. 658 10000 10000 4 8709 593323. 1 3100 18521. 658 642032. 1 51144. 45 Conservative 1996 Total Revenue Total Expense Depreciation Taxable Income Taxes After Tax Depreciation Capital Expenditures FCF Terminal Value FCF Post Terminal Value (B) PV of Interest Tax Shields Date Debt (D) Interest Expense Tax Shield NPV of Tax Shields FCF including tax shield Total Net income NPV of Plan $44,796. 5 7620 23300 15662. 6 -31342. 6 0 -31342. 6 15662. 6 20000 -35680 -35680 1997 12780 26800 17662. 6 -31682. 6 0 -31682. 6 17662. 6 10000 -24020 -24020 1998 26760 31500 19662. 6 -24402. 6 0 -24402. 6 19662. 6 10000 -14740 -14740 1999 41160 36700 21662. 6 -17202. 6 0 -17202. 6 21662. 6 10000 -5540 2000 77520 46500 10000 21020 6936. 6 14083. 4 depreciation capex Depreciation 1992 1991 0. 019413 0. 016384 0. 017899 0. 107211 0. 053256 0. 080234 includes patent purchase+investing activities 1 2 3 4 5 6 20 32 19. 2 11. 52 11. 52 5. 76 10000 10000 14083. 171549. 5 -5540 185632. 9 14787. 57 1 $12,163. 2 $1,970. 4 $788. 2 $10, 143. 89 ($34,892) 2 3 $33,437. 2 $42,913. 2 $5,416. 8 $6,951. 9 $2,166. 7 $2,780. 8 4 5 $41,347. 9 $27,550. 7 $6,698. 4 $4,463. 2 $2,679. 3 $9,785. 3 20000 $3,240. 0 $1,296. 0 $8,000. 000 $16,084 ($21,853) ($11,959) ($2,861) $23,869 PV – 1996 Shares Outstanding Share Price $34,652. 16 4,574 $7. 58 Present Value $28,139. 37 $118,630. 13 $7,862. 21 $68,507. 03 Rate 0. 2 0. 2 0. 3 0. 3 PE 11 25 11 25 Share Price $6. 15 $25. 94 high $1. 72 low $14. 98 10. 57 median How to cite The Economics of Running a Genomics Company, Papers

Dating Your Best Friend free essay sample

I ask myself sometimes why now and not then, I think this was how it was meant to be the whole time. We met in first grade and became real good friends right from the start. I remember playing a lot together with our friends. We also lived just across the street from each other so imagine, seeing each other at school and after school play even more outside after our homework was done, it was a great way of spending time together. Unfortunately after first grade, we somehow had to go to different schools, but we still got together after school and played together. It wasn’t until after 4th grade that I moved to a new neighborhood and didn’t see him again until 8th grade. We saw each other and recognized one another and again we became inseparable. We had a few classes together and we were always partners whenever we were assigned to grab a partner. We will write a custom essay sample on Dating Your Best Friend or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also that same school year, all the rumors started; that we liked each other, we were going to end up going out, we were always together and so on. I did think about it but we were just fourteen year olds who had no age and no intention of dating. We were the best of friends in middle school and kept going strong. Our high school years came real quick as we kept on growing up together and watching each other blossom into young adults. We were still the best friends ever, and the same rumors still kept going around. We somehow managed to have classes together which were very good for the both of us because we never wanted to be apart. We still had no intention of going out, because we didn’t want to break that wonderful friendship we had made and kept for so long. It wasn’t until Valentine’s Day of freshman year when I started feeling a little something for him. He sent me a valentine with the following message â€Å"Happy Valentine’s Day! Thanks for being an awesome friend! † I thought at that moment â€Å"Oh, friend† but I let it slide because I felt it was not a big deal. Sophomore year rolled around, we were still the best friends ever, and the rumors and gossip continued. We had classes together again, nothing special happened until the very end of that school year. We were saying goodbye to each other and we hugged, but we hugged each other for a while. I honestly felt that â€Å"spark† between us. I thought he felt the same (he told me later on that he did). We parted ways and kept in touch a bit in the summer, and didn’t see each other again until next year, junior year. That year I couldn’t hide what I felt for him, I was actually becoming more and more in love with him. I can tell he was also falling for me as well. It’s one of those things a girl can tell without being told anything. We were still the best of friends, and the rumors were still going (I was very surprised, yet a bit amused). This year was different because we’re now sixteen/ seventeen and had grown up more. Yes we were inseparable, but those feelings were becoming more noticeable to everyone except to one another. Yet nothing happened and we were still the best of friends. Senior year was a big year for us; it was the last year that we might be together. My feelings for him were now stronger than ever, I wanted to be more that friends, but for some reason he always seemed to avoid me and not talk at all. I don’t know why, I was hoping for him to say something to me, since I had heard from many that he actually did love me. But nothing happened, so I gave up on him in that aspect of us. I had revealed to one of my good friends that I did love Isaac and wanted more. He revealed to that same person that he loved me too. I found out from her and I went to talk to him, he immediately got upset and denied everything. With that being said I also denied everything because I thought to myself that was his chance and he blew it. We got really mad at each other and said â€Å"we are friends and that is it†. We didn’t stay mad for that long; we got back to talking again. I decided to date a guy that year; it was going well until I saw Isaac. He saw us holding hands, I saw his face turn red with anger, and just walked away upset. I knew it upset him but I had no idea why, we had settled on being best friends. We still enjoyed all the senior activities like prom, boat trip, and finally graduation. We both graduated and saw each other for what could be the last time. He was going off to college and I was staying home. After those four years in high school we proved everyone wrong about going out with each other, or at least that’s what we thought. Time passed and I had broken up with my high school boyfriend and I started dating another guy here at ECC for a few months. I never heard from Isaac once during that time, I was a bit upset but I didn’t pay attention to it. It wasn’t until February 12 that I was on Facebook and I got talking with Isaac again via chat that night. We were talking and asked about my boyfriend, I told him I didn’t have one and that I had given up on guys for the moment. We kept talking and talking and then I asked him â€Å"For April Fool’s we should put as our status that we’re going out†. It took him a few minutes to say â€Å"Why not actually make it a reality? † I was shocked! I swear at that moment I had an instant flashback of our childhood all the way through high school. I had waited for so long for that moment that I said yes, it also took me a while to respond back. At that moment he confessed that he had loved me since the end of sophomore year when we said goodbye to each other. I was so happy that everything went the way it did. Unfortunately he was away at school and I wouldn’t see him until our one month anniversary when he came home. I didn’t mind, I did not wait all that time in high school for us to finally be together as a couple and not have the relationship work. We changed our Facebook status that we were officially a couple. It was an explosion of â€Å"It’s about time! †, â€Å"I knew it! †, and â€Å"I told you it would happen eventually! † We didn’t care though because we were just happy that our dream had finally come true. A month passed and it was our one month anniversary. We went out to dinner and had an amazing time together. That same night he took me to his home and I met his entire family. Since then me and his family have gotten along very well and we are practically like family. We definitely enjoyed that week together but he had to go back and I wouldn’t see him until May. My birthday came along and it happened to fall on a Saturday, which was nice because I planned to have a party. Isaac drove all the way home just for my birthday and surprised me. He called me before and said that he had sent a present. Then at around five in the afternoon he called and said that my gift has arrived and I had to open the door, sure enough it was him with a bouquet of flowers. I cried of joy, no one had ever done something like that for me. It was an awesome way to celebrate my birthday. The relationship has been going very well, and I’m positive that it will continue to stay like that. It just comes to show that that myth about how dating your best friend is bad isn’t always true. It can happen to anyone, and yes it doesn’t work out for some people, but in my case it worked out for the better. As I said before, I don’t think we were meant to be best friends, just something more.

Fmcg Sector Essay Example

Fmcg Sector Essay Dissertation Report On Buying Behaviour for FMCG SUBMITTED TOWARDS PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN MANAGEMENT (Approved by AICTE, Govt. of India) ACADEMIC SESSION 2011 – 2012 [pic] Submitted By: Krishn Kumar Sharma DM-1119 Batch 2011-2013 UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF DR. SARJUE PANDITA AJAY KUMAR GARG INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT 27Km Stone, Delhi-Hapur Bypass Road, P. O. Adhyatmik Nagar, Ghaziabad-201009 Acknowledgement I dedicate this page to all those who have silently or actively left indelible mark on my project report, so that they may give credits which richly deserve. Talent capabilities are of course necessary but opportunities right guidance is two very important backups without which any person cannot climb the ladder for success. Proper guidance and direction is required in order to achieve the goal making optimum of each every opportunity. I am thankful from the core of my heart express my feeling of gratitude and acknowledgement to my Project Mentor Mrs Namita Nath Kumar.. Whose constant support and faith in me always motivated me and their knowledge and brilliance has pulled me out of doldrums in this project. Mundane words are not enough to express our indebtedness towards other Faculty of AKGIM Ghaziabad† whose enormous assistance helped us in the completion of project. Krishn Kumar Sharma DM1119 PREFACE Today companies must urgently and critically rethink their business mission and marketing strategies . We will write a custom essay sample on Fmcg Sector specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Fmcg Sector specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Fmcg Sector specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Instead of operating in a market place of fixed and known competition and stable consumer preferences, today companies work in war zone of rapidly changing customer/competitor, new law, managed trade policy and diminishing customer loyalty. Company considers the fact that today customer face a plenitude of product every category. Consider that customer exhibit varying and diverse requirement for product service combination and prices. In face of their vast choices, customer will gravitate to offering that best meet their individual needs and expectation. Therefore it is not surprising that today’s winning companies are those who succeed in satisfying their target customer . If they can’t bring something special to get market. They will not last long. The companies should be market focused and consumer driven. They pay extreme attention to quality and service to meeting and even exceeding customer expectation Table of Content |S. No. |Topics |Page No. |1 |Executive Summary |01-05 | |2 |Introduction Of Company |06-36 | |3 |Research Objective |37-38 | |4 |Research Methodology |39-41 | |5 |Analysis of Questionnaire |42-56 | |6 |Findings |57-59 | |7 |Recommendations |60-61 | |8 |Conclusion |61-62 | |9 |Limitations of Study |63-65 | |10 |References |66-67 | |11 |Annexures |68-72 | Table of Content 1. Executive summary 1-1 2. Introduction 2-3 3. Overview of FMCG 3 4. FMCG in 2006 4 5. Comparison between FMCG in 2005 2006 4-5 6. Sector’s outlook 5-7 7. Scope of FMCG 8 8. Growth prospects 8-11 9. Top players in FMCG sector 11 10. Secondary players 12 11. Review of literature 12-14 12. Research objectives 15 13. Research methodology 16-19 14. Panoramic View 20-22 15. Income based classification 23-24 16. Socio – economic classification 25-28 17. Age demographics 28-29 18. Geographical dispersion 30 19. Analysis 31-60 20. Conclusion 61-62 21. Suggestions recommendations 63 22. References 64-65 23. Questionnaire 24. 66-68 01 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In this research I have put an effort to understand the buying behavior of the consumers towards FMCG products. 1. In this report, I have first of all given a brief review about FMCG sector as a whole. 2. Then she has given a review of the findings of some of the researches that has already been conducted by various researchers. 3. Then she has enumerated her research objectives. 4. Then she has given the panoramic view regarding the topic. 5. Then she has described her research methodology i. e. , the sample unit, sample size, sampling region, sampling procedure that she has used in her report. 6. She has used stratified random sampling as her sampling procedure. 7. Then she has analyzed the data which was collected by a questionnaire. 8. Then she has concluded the findings of the survey. 9. Then finally, she has given few suggestions recommendations regarding the topic. Introduction There was a time when the FMCG companies ignores rural market, they took no any interest to produced or sell products in rural market in India. It was the initial stage of FMCG companies in India. As per as the time had passed, the strategy and marketing style of FMCG companies had been changed. The rural market is the one of the best opportunity for the FMCG sector in the India. It is wider and less competitive market for the FMCG. As the income level of the rural consumers increasing, the demand of FMCG is increasing continuously. Fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) are popularly named as consumer packaged goods. Items in this category include all consumables (other than groceries/pulses) people buy at regular intervals. The most common in the list are toilet soaps, detergents, shampoos, tooth paste, shaving products, shoe polish, packaged food stuff, household accessories, extends to certain electronic goods. These items are meant for daily or frequent consumption have a high return. A major portion of the monthly budget of each household is reserved for FMCG products. The volume of products circulated in the economy against FMCG products is very high, as the number of products the consumer uses, is comparatively very high. Competition in FMCG sector is very high resulting in high pressure on margins. FMCG companies maintain intense distribution network. Companies spend a large portion of their budget on maintaining distribution networks. New entrants who wish to bring their products in the national level need to invest huge sums of money on promoting brands. Manufacturing can be outsourced. A recent phenomenon in the sector was entry of multinationals and cheaper imports. Also the market is more pressurized with presence of local players in rural areas and state brands. Overview of FMCG Sector FMCG is an acronym for Fast Moving Consumer Goods, which refer to things that we buy from local supermarkets on daily basis, the things that have high turnover are relatively cheaper. FMCG in 2006 After 4 years of dull performance in both revenues profits, FMCG sector has now, i. e. , since 2005, gained the momentum, principally because of the smaller companies that have substantially improved their market shares at the cost of larger players, in some cases, the regional players. If we carefully observe the FMCG index BSE index, we would realize that the returns on money invested in FMCG index are much lower than the returns in benchmark index. The FMCG sector has under performed the benchmark BSE sensex in 2006. Though both the indices were close to each other till august 2006, however, in the later part of the year the sensex surpassed the FMCG index by a reasonable margin. Comparison of 2006 and 2005 After two years of sinking performance of FMCG sector, the year 2005 has witnessed the FMCG’s demand growing. Strong growth was seen across various segments in FY06. With the rise in disposable income and the economy in good health, the urban consumers continued with their shopping spree. The rural demand grew at around 11%, while both the urban and rural sector together registered a growth of around 8%. Packets and sachets contributed to the highest growth in rural areas. Growth in FMCG depends on two factors: †¢ Increase in penetration and consumption in rural areas †¢ Change in aspirations and tastes of the urban population Both these factors contributed to growth in 2006. Besides demand, prices also increased, because of which only the selected consumers moved up in the value chain. The large format retail stores in metros also stimulated sales, even if on a very small base. Some companies absorbed higher input prices, while others were able to pass on the cost to the consumers. Sector’s Outlook FMCG is the fourth largest sector in the Indian Economy with a total market size of Rs. 60,000 crores. FMCG sector generates 5% of total factory employment in the country and is creating employment for three million people, especially in small towns and rural India. According to a CII – A T Kearney Report, the FMCG sector in India is expected to grow at a compounded growth rate (CAGR) of 9% to a size of Rs. 1,43,000 crores by 2010 from Rs. 93,000 crores at present. With a growth of 52. 5%, the BSE FMCG index has, during the last 1 year outperformed the sensex, which could manage a growth of 41% only. A well established distribution network, intense competition between the organized unorganized segments, low operating costs, strong branding characterizes the market. The large consumer base, particularly in rural sector, and the growing middle class open up huge opportunities to FMCG companies to take the consumers to branded products and offer new generation products. The sectors lack-luster performance in the last few years was due to price competition and increase in raw materials cost. However, in the FY06, the sector has witnessed a double-digit growth in profits and revenues. The sector has registered an up trend in growth across categories, such as health supplement, shampoo, toothpaste, hair oils, and mosquito repellant, as shown in table below: Sales Value Growth % |Categories |2004-2005 |2005-2006 |Apr. 2006-Sept. 006 | |Health Supplement (Chyawanprash) |-5% |0% |23% | |Shampoo |10% |23% |19% | |Toothpaste |5% |6% |16% | |Hair Oils |9% |18% |23% | |Mosquito Repellant |13% |10% |29% | Source: CII – A T Kearney Report, (2000) Sector Financials |In millions | |   |31-03-2006 |31-03-2005 |31-03-2004 | |Net Sales |164,196 |148,241 |145,380 | |Sales Growth |10. 8% |2. 0% |- | |Profit after Tax |19,595 |17,001 |21,008 | |PAT Growth |16. 6% |-24. % |- | |Market Capitalization |74,746 |65,810 |63,072 | |Enterprise Value |662,540 |645,477 |551,971 | |Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) |47. 1% |51. 0% |45. 5% | |P/E Ratio |26. 7% |27. 1% |21. 0% | Source: CII – A T Kearney Report, (2000) Scope of the FMCG Sector The Indian FMCG sector has a market size of US $13. 1 billion. FMCG sector is expected to grow by over 60% by 2010. That will translate into an annual growth of 10% over a period of 5 years. It has been estimated that FMCG sector will rise from around Rs. 56,500 crores in 2005 to Rs. 92,100 crores in 2010. Hair care, household care, male grooming, female hygiene, the chocolates confectionary categories are estimated to be the fastest growing segments, says an HSBC Report. Though the sector witnessed a slower growth in 2002 – 04, it has been to make a fine recovery since then. For example, Hindustan Levers Limited (HLL) has shown a healthy growth in the last quarter. An estimated double-digit growth over the next few years shows that the good times are likely to continue. Growth Prospects With the presence of 12. 2% of the world population in the villages of India, the Indian rural FMCG market is something no one can overlook. Increased focus on farm sector will boost rural incomes, hence providing better growth prospects to the FMCG companies. Better infrastructure facilities will improve their supply chain. FMCG sector is also likely to benefit from growing demand in the market. Because of the low per capita consumption for almost all the products in the country, FMCG companies have immense possibilities for growth. And if the companies are able to change the mindset of the consumers, i. e. f they are able to take the consumers to branded products and offer new generation products, they would be able to generate higher growth in the near future. It is expected that the rural income will rise in 2007, boosting purchasing power in the countryside . However, the demand in urban areas would be the key growth driver over the long term. Also, increase in the urban population, along with increase in income levels and the availability of new categories, would help the urban areas maintain their position in terms of consumption. At present, urban India accounts for 66% of total FMCG consumption, with rural India accounting for the remaining 34%. However, rural India accounts for more than 40% consumption in major FMCG categories such as personal care, fabric care, and hot beverages. In urban areas, home and personal care category, including skin care, household care and feminine hygiene, will keep growing at relatively attractive rates. Within the foods segment, it is estimated that processed foods, bakery, and dairy are long-term growth categories in both rural and urban areas. Indian Competitiveness and Comparison with the World Markets: The following factors make India a competitive player in FMCG sector: 1. Availability of raw materials Because of the diverse agro-climatic conditions in India, there is a large raw material base suitable for food processing industries. India is the largest producer of livestock, milk, sugarcane, coconut, spices and cashew and is the second largest producer of rice, wheat and fruits . India also produces caustic soda and soda ash, which are required for the production of soaps and detergents. The availability of these raw materials gives India the location advantage. 2. Labor cost comparison [pic] Low cost labor gives India a competitive advantage. Indias labor cost is amongst the lowest in the world, after China Indonesia. Low labor costs give the advantage of low cost of production. Many MNCs have established their plants in India to outsource for domestic and export markets. 3. Presence across value chain Indian companies have their presence across the value chain of FMCG sector, right from the supply of raw materials to packaged goods in the food-processing sector. This brings India a more cost competitive advantage. For example, Amul supplies milk as well as dairy products like cheese, butter, etc. Top Players in FMCG Sector 1. Hindustan lever limited (HLL) 2. ITC (Indian Tobacco Company) 3. Nestle India 4. GCMMF (AMUL) 5. Dabur India 6. Asian Paints (India) 7. Cadbury India 8. Britannia Industries 9. Procter Gamble Hygiene Health Care 10. Marico Industries Secondary Players 1. Colgate-Palmolive (India) Ltd. 2. Godrej Consumers Product Ltd. 3. Nirma Ltd. 4. Tata Tea Ltd. 5. Parle Agro 6. H. J. Heinz Review of Literature Rural market is one of the best opportunities for the FMCG sector. In some sense we can say that rural market is future of FMCG. 1. Basu Purba (2004), suggested that the lifestyle of rural consumers is changing. Rural Indian market and the marketing strategy have become the latest marketing buzzword for most of the FMCG majors. She added the strategies of different FMCG companies for capturing rural market like Titan’s Sonata watches, Coco Cola’s 200ml bottle, different strategies of HUL and Marico etc. She takes into consideration the study of National Council for Applied Economic Research (NCAER). According to the NCAER projections, the number of middle and high-income households in rural area is expected to grow from 140 million to 190 million by 2007. In urban India, the same is expected to grow from 65 million to 79 million. Thus, the absolute size of rural India is expected to be double that of urban India. 2. Tognatta Pradeep (2003), suggested that, the economic growth in Indias agricultural sector in last year was over 10%, compared with 8. 5% in the industrial sector. This implies a huge market potentiality for the marketer to meet up increasing demand. Factors such as village psyche, strong distribution network and market awareness are few prerequisites for making a dent in the rural markets. The model is of the stolid Anglo-Dutch conglomerate Unilever Group, which has enjoyed a century-long presence in India through its subsidiary Hindustan Lever Ltd. It was Hindustan Lever that several years ago popularized the idea of selling its products in tiny packages. Its sachets of detergent and shampoo are in great demand in Indian villages. Britannia with its low priced Tiger brand biscuits has become some of the success story in rural marketing. 3. Aithal, K Rajesh (2004), suggested that rural markets are an important and growing market for most products and services including telecom. The characteristics of the market in terms of low and spread out population and limited purchasing power make it a difficult market to capture. The Bottom of the pyramid marketing strategies and the 4 As model of Availability, Affordability, Acceptability and Awareness provide us with a means of developing appropriate strategies to tackle the marketing issues for marketing telecom services in rural areas. Successful cases like the Grameen Phone in Bangladesh and Smart Communications Inc in Philippines also provide us with some guidelines to tackling the issue. As per my concern of the research, it is a detail study of different FMCG products used by rural consumers. It will provide detail information about consumer preferences towards a good number of FMCG products which is too unique and different from those above researches. Research objectives †¢ To understand the demand pattern of FMCG products in the rural market. †¢ To know the amount of household income spent on the consumption of FMCG products. †¢ To understand the image of the products in the eyes of the consumers. Research methodology Data collection Sample unit: 1. working people (including men women) 2. college students 3. school students 4. senior citizens Sample size: 1. working people: 32% 2. college students: 29% 3. school students: 23% 4. senior citizens: 16% Sampling region: 1. The researcher has selected LUCKNOW, the Capital city of Uttar Pradesh as her area of study. 2. She has chosen GOMTI NAGAR, MAHANAGAR, ALIGANJ as her areas of research. In these areas she can easily meet working people (both male female), school students, college students senior citizens. The population status of these areas can be shown in a tabulated manner, which is given as follows: Area |Population | |Gomti Nagar |12,97,570 | |Mahanagar |8,12,230 | |Aliganj |8,75,640 | Population is in approximate figures. Source: http://www. upgov. nic. in/upinfo/census01/cen01-1. htm Note: As the examiner can see that the population of areas (areas that are chosen by the researcher) is very large, therefore the researcher has stratified the area. She has chosen various areas that come under these areas. The areas covered by the researcher in Gomti Nagar are Viram Khand, Vinamr Khand, Vibhuti Khand . the population level of these areas are: |Area |Population | |Vishwas Khand |2,83,563 | |Vipul Khand |3,93,768 | |Vivek Khand |2,86,786 | Source: Lucknow Development Authority Note: the researcher took these areas because these areas are near to various school colleges. The researcher took school college students as her sample unit. The areas covered by the researcher in Maha Nagar are Chandra Lok Mahanagar Colony. The population statuses of these areas are: |Area |Population | |Chandra Lok |2,34,863 | |Mahanagar Colony |3,84,683 | Source: Lucknow Development Authority Note: The researcher took these areas because there are various schools institutes nearby these places. The areas covered by the researcher in ALIGANJ are Jankipuram Sahara City. The population statuses of these areas are: |Area |Population | |Jankipuram |2,78,675 | |Sahara City |1,89,986 | Source: Lucknow Development Authority Note: The researcher took Aliganj as one of the areas for her study because she lives in jankipuram it was quite easy for her to conduct the survey in that particular place. Sampling procedure: The researcher will take stratified random sampling as the sampling procedure. Data collection method: 1. Primary data: it will be collected with the help of a self administered questionnaire. This questionnaire aims to gather information related to various Branded products. 2. Secondary data: it will be collected with the help of books, research papers, magazines, news papers, journals, internet, etc. Research instruments: Questionnaire design: As the questionnaire is self administrated one, the survey is kept simple and user friendly. Words used in questionnaire are readily understandable to all respondent. Also technical jargons are avoided to ensure that there is no confusion for respondents. Panoramic View India has a population of over 1 billion 4 climatic Zones. Several religious personal beliefs, 15 languages, different social customs food habits categorize Indian consumer class. Besides this, India is also different in culture if compared with other Asian countries. Therefore, India has high distinctiveness in demand and the companies in India can get lot of market opportunities for various classes of consumers. Consumer goods marketers’ experience that dealing with India is like dealing with many small markets at the same time. Indian consumer goods market is expected to reach $400 billion by 2010. India has the youngest population amongst the major countries. There are a lot of young people in India in different income categories. Consumer goods marketers are often faced with a dilemma regarding the choice of appropriate market segment. In India they do not have to face this dilemma largely because rapid urbanization, increase in demand, presence of large number of young population, any number of opportunities is available. The bottom line is that Indian market is changing rapidly and is showing unprecedented consumer business opportunity. As the restrictions on foreign investments were relaxed in 1991, Multi-National Companies have been entering India since then. |Market Size in $ million |Market Share in % | | | | |15 |Indian Companies |MNCs |Indian Companies |MNCs | | |1992 |2004 |1992 |2004 | |Breakfast cereals |2 |25 |100 |0 |52 |48 | |Wafers, potato |6 |35 |100 |0 |37 |63 | |chips | | | | | | | |Washing Machines |40 |570 |98 |2 |51 |49 | |TV |630 |3,030 |97 |3 |49 |51 | 1992 $=30 rupees 2004 $=45 rupees Source: Center for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) With a population of 1 billion people, India is a big market for FMCG companies. Around 70% of the total households in India reside in the rural areas. The total number of rural households is expected to rise from 135 m in 2002 to 153 m in 2010, which represents the largest potential market in the world. Rural and urban potential |   |Urban |Rural | |Population 2001-02 (m household) |53 |135 | |Population 2009-10 (m household) |69 |153 | |% Distribution (2001-02) |28 |72 | |Market (Towns/Villages) |3,768 |627,000 | Source: Statistical Outline of India (2001-02), NCAER Indian consumer class can be classified according to the following criteria: 1. Income 2. Socio-Economic status 3. Age demographics 4. Geographical dispersion Income based classification India has a population of 1. 095 billion people, comprising of 1/6th of the world population. Indias population can be divided into 5 groups on the basis of annual household income. These groups are: 1. Higher income 2. Upper middle income 3. Middle middle income 4. Lower middle income 5. Lower income The income classification does not represent a real scenario for an international business because the purchasing power of currencies differs significantly. The real purchasing power of Indian rupee is higher than the international exchange value. In addition to that, income classification is not an effective tool to ascertain consumption and ownership trends in the economy. Consumer Classification According to National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) there are 5 consumer classes that differ in their ownership patterns and consumption behavior across various segments of goods. |Consumer Classes |Annual Income in Rs. |1996 |2001 |2007 |Change | |The Rich |Rs. 215,000 and more |1. 2 |2. 0 |6. |416% | |The Consuming Class |Rs 45- 215,000 |32. 5 |54. 6 |90. 9 |179% | |The Climbers |Rs. 22-45,000 |54. 1 |71. 6 |74. 1 |37% | |The Aspirants |Rs. 16-22,000 |44 |28. 1 |15. 3 |-65% | |The Destitute |Below Rs. 16,000 |33 |23. 4 |12. 8 |-61% | |Total | |164. 8 |180. 7 |199. 2 |21% | Source: NCAER The 5 classes of consumer households (consumer classification) show the economic development across the country based on consumption trends. Socio economic classification In addition to income classification and consumer classification, Indian households can also be segmented according to the occupation and education levels of the chief earner of the household (the person who contributes most to the household expenses). This is called as Socio-economic Classification (SEC), which is mainly used by market planners to target market before launching their new products. SEC is made to understand the purchase behavior and the consumption pattern of the households. The urban area is segregated into: A1, A2, B1, B2, C, D, E1, E2 Socio-Economic Classification Occupation |Education | | |Illiterate |Less than 4 |5-9 yrs of |School certificate|Some college|Graduate |Post-graduate | | | |yrs in |school | | | | | | | |school | | | | | | |Skilled |E2 |E1 |D |C |C |B2 |B2 | |Unskilled |E2 |E2 |E1 | D |D |D |D | |Shop owner |D |D |C |B2 |B2 |A2 |A2 | |Petty trader |E2 |D |D |C |C |B2 |B2 | |Employer of- | |Above 10 persons |B1 |B1 |A2 |A2 |A1 |A1 |A1 | |Below 10 persons |C |B2 |B2 |B1 |A2 |A1 |A1 | |None |D |C |B2 |B1 |A2 |A1 |A1 | |Clerk |D |D |D |C |B2 |B1 |B1 | |Supervisor |D |D |C |C |B2 |B1 |A2 | |Professional |D |D |D |B2 |B1 |A2 |A1 | |Senior executive |B1 |B1 |B1 |B1 |A2 |A1 |A1 | |Junior executive |C |C |C |B2 |B1 |A2 |A2 | Source: Indian readership survey (IRS) Sections A B refer to High-class- constitutes over a quarter of urban population Sec C refers to Middle-class constitutes 21% of the urban population Sections D E refer to Low-class constitutes over half the urban population To understand the table, consider an example: A trader whose monthly household income (MHI) is more than that of a person in section A cannot be included in this SEC because his educational qualification or occupations do not qualify him for inclusion. Sec C constitutes households whose Chief Wage Earners are employed as: |Skilled workers |33% | |Petty traders |12% | |Clerk/Supervisor |37% | |Shop owners |18% | 3/4th of them have studied till 10th or 12th class while the remaining 1/4th have studied till 9th class. Less than half of the Chief Wage Earners of households belonging to sections D E are unskilled workers. Petty Traders are 18%, while Skilled Workers are about 28%. More than 80% of the population of upper strata consumers is living in the top 7 cities. Those top 7 cities are Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, and Hyderabad. With increase in economic prosperity, this population (upper strata consumers) is growing at 10 percent annually. The rural area is segregated in to: R1, R2, R3, R4. |Education of chief wage |Type of House | |earner | | |Pucca |Semi-pucca |Kuchcha | |Professional degree |R1 |R2 |R3 | |Graduation/ PG |R1 |R2 |R3 | |College |R1 |R2 |R3 | |SSC/HSC |R2 |R3 |R3 | |Class 4-Class 9 |R3 |R3 |R4 | |Up to class 4 |R3 |R3 |R4 | |Self-learning |R3 |R4 |R4 | |Illiterate |R4 |R4 |R4 | Age demographics India is a very young nation, if compared with some advanced and developed countries. Nearly two- thirds of its population is below the age of 35, and nearly 50 % is below 25. Marketers explain that the boom in the consumption level and leisure related expenditure is because of this young population. It will have a significant impact over the consumer goods market. In addition to that, it is expected that this will generate trade opportunities and continuous investment in the economy. There is huge potential for further consumption of goods and services due to the increased level of disposable income. The expenditure on essential goods and services has a higher share in developing countries as compared with that of developed countries. Age distribution if Indian population (In Millions) |Year/ Age |2006 |2001 |1996 | |Below 4 yrs |113. 5 |108. 5 |119. 5 | |5-14 yrs |221. 2 |239. 1 |233. | |15-19 yrs |122. 4 |109. 0 |90. 7 | |20-34 yrs |279. 1 |246. 8 |224 | |35-54 yrs |239. 2 |207. 3 |178. 1 | |55 above |118. 7 |101. 7 |88. 7 | |Total |1094. 1 |1012. 4 |934. 2 | Consumption Trends Food Essentials |45. 68% | |Essential Services (water, power, rent, and fuels) |10. 1% | |Clothing |4. 9% | |Footwear |0. 63% | |Medicare |4. 25% | |Transport Communication |14. 1% | |Recreation, Education, and Culture |Less than 4% | |Home Goods |3. 25% | Geographical dispersion There is large difference in economic prosperity levels among several states in India, linked to the wea lth creation from trade, industrial, and agricultural development. There are poor districts in many states, classified according to their market potential. India has 500 districts, out of which 150 districts (category A) and next 150 districts (category B) account for 78% and 15% of the national market potential respectively. Remaining 200 districts (category C) are backward and account for only 7% of national market potential. Category C districts have 40% of the geographical share. Analysis 1. Which soap u prefer to use? The reaction of people towards various SOAP brands can be tabulated in the following manner: |Brands |Lux |Dettol |Lifebuoy |others | |Percentage |36 |22 |18 |24 | In the survey that the researcher conducted, it could easily be concluded that LUX, the product of HUL was highly in demand. LUX, the product of HUL covers 36% of the market share. After LUX, the other brands (EXCEPT LUX, DETTOL, LIFEBUOY) covers 24% of the market share. This is then followed by DETTOL, the product of RECKITT BENCKISER with a market share of 22%, which is then followed by LIFEBUOY, the product of HUL with a market share of 18%. This data can be graphically explained with the help of the following bar graph: [pic] 2. Which pack u prefer to use? In order to determine the income pattern of the consumers, it was necessary for the researcher to distribute the consumers on the basis of their demand for the various packs of SOAP brands available in the market. However, the reaction of people towards various packs of SOAP can be tabulated in the following manner: Packs of soaps |Single pack |Family pack (3 in 1) | |Percentage |56 |44 | In the survey that the researcher conducted, she tried to differentiate amongst people, with below average household income, average household income above household income. This classification can be done on the basis of the daily expenditure that people make. 56% consumers demand single pack. 44% consumers demand family packs i. e. 3 in 1 pack. This data can be graphically explained with the help of the following bar graph: [pic] 1. Which tea u prefer to use? The reaction of people towards various TEA brands can be tabulated in the following manner: Brands |Tata Tea |Brooke Bond |Taj Mahal

Free Essays on The Great Man Theory

The Great Man Theory: How Great Is It? In 1840, British historian Thomas Carlyle delivered a string of lectures â€Å"On Heroes, Hero Worship and the Heroic in History†. Here Carlyle submitted his â€Å"Great Man† theory- that exceptional individuals are responsible for instigating momentous change. The theory states that most ages are unable to achieve their full potential because of some kind of political or cultural gridlock. It is only when a great man- a charismatic, powerful leader- enters that the gridlock can be broken and the potential can be realized. To evaluate the theory’s usefulness, its components can be analyzed and applied to two examples of â€Å"great men† of history: Alexander of Macedon, and Gaius Julius Caesar. From these examples, it can be concluded that the â€Å"Great Man† Theory is seriously flawed: it oversimplifies by placing all responsibility in one person. When addressing whether a â€Å"Great Man† intended to do what he did, the theory is helpful in identifying important actors. After resolving disturbances and revolts within Macedonia and Greece, Alexander the Great thrust into Asia Minor in a campaign that would eventually level the Persian Empire. He pushed through Persia on to the frontiers of India, and his conquest was halted only by the grumbling of his own soldiers. Alexander’s vision of â€Å"one world† was one in which Greek colonies would be spread throughout the conquered lands and serve as cultural melting pots; however, it was not to be. His death left a power vacuum, and the â€Å"one world† was left divided. Yet, the eastward emigration that Alexander initiated left Greece as an internationally dominant nation. Alexander definitely intended to achieve his conquest. Even before assuming the throne, Alexander’s ambition and lust for conquest was legendary. As illustrated in The Life of Alexander by Plutarch, he once ridiculed his father for drunkenness and displayed h... Free Essays on The Great Man Theory Free Essays on The Great Man Theory The Great Man Theory: How Great Is It? In 1840, British historian Thomas Carlyle delivered a string of lectures â€Å"On Heroes, Hero Worship and the Heroic in History†. Here Carlyle submitted his â€Å"Great Man† theory- that exceptional individuals are responsible for instigating momentous change. The theory states that most ages are unable to achieve their full potential because of some kind of political or cultural gridlock. It is only when a great man- a charismatic, powerful leader- enters that the gridlock can be broken and the potential can be realized. To evaluate the theory’s usefulness, its components can be analyzed and applied to two examples of â€Å"great men† of history: Alexander of Macedon, and Gaius Julius Caesar. From these examples, it can be concluded that the â€Å"Great Man† Theory is seriously flawed: it oversimplifies by placing all responsibility in one person. When addressing whether a â€Å"Great Man† intended to do what he did, the theory is helpful in identifying important actors. After resolving disturbances and revolts within Macedonia and Greece, Alexander the Great thrust into Asia Minor in a campaign that would eventually level the Persian Empire. He pushed through Persia on to the frontiers of India, and his conquest was halted only by the grumbling of his own soldiers. Alexander’s vision of â€Å"one world† was one in which Greek colonies would be spread throughout the conquered lands and serve as cultural melting pots; however, it was not to be. His death left a power vacuum, and the â€Å"one world† was left divided. Yet, the eastward emigration that Alexander initiated left Greece as an internationally dominant nation. Alexander definitely intended to achieve his conquest. Even before assuming the throne, Alexander’s ambition and lust for conquest was legendary. As illustrated in The Life of Alexander by Plutarch, he once ridiculed his father for drunkenness and displayed h...

The Absent People The Symbolic Republic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Absent People The Symbolic Republic - Essay Example By doing this, we will not only be able to understand about what the primary purpose was of Rosanvallon's writing this book, but as well how Rosanvallon himself thinks and what his major goals are. This is what will be dissertated in the following. One of the most major issues that is discussed in this book is that of the matter of repoliticizing democracy, and in the beginning of this discussion, Rosanvallon makes it very clear that he has an approach which "forces the stress to fall on the paradox that the growth of social power, in essentially negative modes, has come linked to forms of the hollowing of the political. The response to undertake, on the basis of the foregoing understanding, has two components: the institutionalization and rationalization of the forms of indirect democracy on the one hand and its politicization on the other" (Rosanvallon, 2006). These two components are incredibly important to take into consideration and in order to take them properly into consideration, we need to compare them with that of other work, such as for instance that of John J. Davenport, who too specializes in the same area as Rosanvallon, and in Davenport's opinion, he rather negatively criticizes that of the institutionalization and rationalization of the forms of indirect democracy, as he points out that there are many flaws that occur within this. As well, he makes statements that moralize around the opinion that the theory of socialization has a lot to do with this matter, and he argues that it is yet not included enough. While someone like Davenport believes that there would be much that would be needed to be done in order to even come to a remote form of civilization in regards to the matter of institutionalization and rationalization of the forms of indirect democracy, Rosanvallon on the other hand, believes that this component is actually the easiest to grasp out of the two, and that it would actually not take all that much to make some sort of a contribution or a change in regards to this matter. With the second component of democratic progress, which Rosanvallon - and many others - believe should be put into action, which is that of the politicization of indirect democracy, he believes that this co mponent is actually the most difficult out of the two given, and as well that it is the most important. Rosanvallon makes it very clear throughout this particular work of his that he believes that there is an incredibly large range of practical works of resymbolization, and as well of the production of generality. He states that "Against exceptionalist conceptions of the political, the return of the political would have to be understood as proceeding from an ensemble of actions and discourses for producing commonality and making the system of social interactions both more legible and more visible. Giving meaning back to politics, then, cannot take place in the first instance through the

There are many popularly suggested business objectives, while Essay

There are many popularly suggested business objectives, while academically the objective to maximise shareholder wealth is considered superior. Discuss. (In y - Essay Example Despite these claims, research suggests that maximizing shareholder wealth is considered superior to all objectives. Wal-Mart claims to hold down inflation in the US (Fishman, 2003), create jobs, and has customer-centered strategy as their prices are unbeatable, but they ultimately squeeze the vendors and under-pay the staff (Heyer, 2005) with the ultimate goal of maximizing shareholder wealth. They even have an efficient supply chain and source their products from developing countries and claim to be a part of their growth. Nevertheless, employee wages at Wal-Mart are as much as 31% lower than competitors (Nester, 2006). It pays practically no benefits and very often employees have to work overtime without any additional compensation. Wal-Mart ranked fourth in terms of social responsibility in terms of its dealings with its stakeholders but there were 4851 claims filed against it in the court (Papasolomou-Doukakis, Krambia-Kapardis & Katsioloudes, 2005). Corporate giants like the CEO of Coca-Cola too make tall claims that by being more efficient and more profitable, it makes businesses better for the community (Ash, 2004) but findings reveal otherwise. They have committed as many as 179 major Human Rights violations (Cairns, 2005). The union leader was shot dead at the Columbia bottling plant. Turkish and Indonesian workers face mass firings for their union activity. Multination Monitor, an American non–profit organization, listed coke amongst the worst ten companies in US. In India they are diverting potable water from local residents for the production of soft drinks. During the processing of soda pop in India, Coke has contaminated soil and underground water with toxic cadmium, which was found in the sludge. They have also been charged and found guilty of bribing the Pollution Control Board in South India. They are accused of inflating profits, selling contaminated beverages and violating contracts. Under the garb of commu nity

Study guid answer Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Study guid answer - Term Paper Example Conservatism  is a  political  and  social philosophy. It promotes adherence to traditional values, social and religious doctrines. This ideology defends state interests and public order. The main thing is stability. Conservatism denies any radical reforms and extremism. Liberalism  is a  political philosophy. Its basic ideas presuppose liberty and equality. Individual rights of people are of crucial importance. The movement appeared during the  Age of Enlightenment. It refused from  hereditary privilege,  state religion,  absolute monarchy, and the  Divine Right of Kings (Wikipedia). Socialism  is a social and economic system. Its purpose is to realize its fundamental principles of social justice, liberties, and equality. Its basic characteristic is the social ownership  of the  means of production  and co-operative management of the economy (Wikipedia). Nationalism emerged on the basis of French Revolution. This revolution gave radical intellectuals inspiration to put an emphasis on their own national identity  and developed a  romantic view  of  cultural  self-expression through  nationhood (Wikipedia). According to its theorists Friedrich Hegel, the sense of nationality was the crucial element which would make a country prosperous. The terms â€Å"national state† presupposes: 1. political  and  geopolitical  entity; 2. cultural  and  ethnic entity. National state is opposite to multinational state. Colonialism: a certain country conquers and rules over other territories. The aim is to exploit its resources. The conqueror builds and maintains its colonies. Great number of people moves to the conquered territory. Example: British colonization of the North America (now the US). An imperialist country seeks to expand its governance over as large territory as possible. It wants to create an empire and expand its dominance far. There are no mass movements of people. Its sense lies in exercising power over the conquered territories. Example:

Normal Flora And Bacteria Identification Biology Essay

Normal Flora And Bacteria Identification Biology Essay The human body is naturally inhabited by a wide variety of microbes, collectively referred to as normal flora. To investigate the diversity of these microbes at different sites of the body, swabs were taken from the skin behind the ear and back of the throat and cultivated on blood agar and mannitol salt agar plates. Based on colony morphology and Gram staining, Staphylococcus Aureus and Escherichia Coli were tentatively identified as the most prominent normal flora cultured from the skin and throat respectively. Aim: To cultivate normal flora present on human skin and in the throat using differential selective media. To identify the specific bacteria grown from each region by observing the morphology of the colonies on the agar plates and Gram stained slides. Introduction: The human body is inhabited by a wide variety of microbes. In a healthy human internal tissue are normally free of microorganisms whereas surface tissues are in constant contact with environmental organisms and become readily colonized by certain microbial species (Toddar 2005). The mixture of organisms regularly found at any anatomical site is referred to as the normal flora or normal biota. Each body surface has its own characteristic resident biota made up of particular microbial species (Ingraham Ingraham, 2004). The type of bacteria found in a certain location depends on environmental needs such as ideal temperature, pH, physiology and available nutrients. For example, areas such as the armpit, navel or the back of the throat harbour more microorganisms due to the added moisture, higher body temperature and greater concentration of skin surface lipids (Baron 1996). To aid in the isolation and identification of individual types of bacteria present in our normal flora specialized growth media can be used. Selective media is used to either encourage or inhibit growth depending on the phenotype of the organism. In addition, differential media can help identify between two closely related bacteria that have small phenotypic differences (Ingraham Ingraham, 2004). Blood agar and mannitol salt agar are examples of commonly used media that are both selective and differential, aiding in the growth promotion, identification and discrimination of common human normal flora. This study aims to investigate and identify the normal flora diversity found on the human body using these standard microbiology techniques. Methods: Resident bacteria were sampled from two anatomical sites, the skin behind the ear and the back of the throat. Blood agar and mannitol salt agar plates were used; incubation time was 24 hours at temperature of 37ÂÂ °C. Gram staining tests and haemolysis were applied to detect colonies and identify them. Results: A number of different colonies were observed on both agar plates following isolation of normal flora from the skin and throat. Table 1 outlines the colony description, blood agar haemolysis and subsequent Gram stain from both anatomical sites sampled. On both plates Cocci bacteria were identified; Gram positive were present at both BA plates, and Gram negative bacteria were only identified at the back of the throat. Types of haemolysis were also different: beta type for sample from the skin, and gamma type for throat sample. Table 2 presents the findings of normal flora colonies grown on mannitol salt agar. The differences between MSA colonies were more significant than between BA colonies: samples from the back of the throat were Gram negative, and samples from the skin behind the ear were Gram negative. Based on these observations and knowledge of the most abundant normal flora at each site, a preliminary identification of the bacteria isolated was made. The bacteria in the throat is most likely Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus Aureus bacteria is most likely to be identified at the skin. Table 1: Colony morphology and Gram stain of resident microbes from the skin and throat, isolated on blood agar. Site Colony Morphology Haemolysis Cell Morphology Gram Stain Throat Filamentous flat shaped Gamma Cocci Enterococcus aureus Escherichia coli Gram negative and Gram positive Skin Circular convex shaped Beta Cocci Staphylococcus aureus (25% common) Streptococcus pyogenes (5% rare) Gram positive Table 2: Colony morphology and Gram stain of resident microbes from the skin and throat, isolated on mannitol salt agar. Site Colony Morphology Colour Cell Morphology Gram Stain Throat Punctiform flat shaped No color Cocci Neisseria sp. Neisseria meningitides Escherichia coli Proteus sp. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Haemophilus Influenza Spirochetes Gram negative Skin Punctiform flat shaped Small pink or red colony Cocci Staphylococcus Epidermidis Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes Corynebacteria (Bacilli) Gram positive Discussion: To investigate the diversity of normal flora, areas from the skin and throat were sampled and the resident bacteria isolated on blood agar and mannitol salt agar plates, prior to Gram staining. BA plates are differential: MSA plates are selective and differential. Cultures grew on each half of the plates. The results obtained at BA and MSA plates are different; this may result from several factors: sampling variations, growth variations and approximateness of estimates produced by Gram staining. For throat swabs, results were negative and positive at BA plate, and only negative at MSA plate; for skin swabs, Gram results were positive at both plates. At both halves of the plates major colonies could be identified. Generally, it was expected to testify greater variety of bacteria at the throat swab compared to skin swab basing on the difference of environments (humidity, higher temperature, exposure to different microorganisms). During the experiment, a slightly greater diversity was indeed observed. Escherichia Coli was determined as major colony at throat sample because BA plate demonstrated gamma haemolysis and the throat swab shown Gram-negative results both times (and Gram-positive results only at BA plate). Different shapes of colonies also correspond to this identification as E. Coli does not have a particular cell arrangement. Staphylococcus aureus were determined as type of colony for skin swab since of its colony type, beta haemolysis reaction and Gram-positive stain, 25% common. Also, Staphylococcus aureus is common for the normal flora of humans found on nasal passages, skin and mucous membranes (Bauman 2008), In order to make more detailed analysis, it is possible to perform catala se test. To make a conclusion, the results of the experiment demonstrate the diversity and preliminary identification of common normal flora found resident on the skin and throat.

Conformity and Fear in Self-Reliance :: Self Reliance Essays

Conformity and Fear in Self-Reliance The quote that most provoked thought and emotion from within me comes from the essay "Self-Reliance" by Ralph Waldo Emerson. "To be great is to be misunderstood" was used by Emerson to explain the lagging growth of the conception of ideas and thoughts of his generation. Original and novel ideas were scorned by conservatives who believed the best method for learning was by repetition and memorization of proven classics written by previous generations. The continuing timelessness of his quote is still in effect today as the scientific community has evolved to accept unaccustomed theories, yet encounters difficulty when relating to the public new and extreme ideas that rebut the system. In history, the results of individualism has been spread world wide. Important leaders, thinkers, and philosophers with radical ideas in virgin areas of research were making significant finds rapidly. Yet progress was slowed by short-sighted men who failed to see greatness. Aberham Lincoln was a revolutionary in his time with his views on slavery and forgiveness of the South. Yet his death was the result of one man's refusal to accept what was once a proud and rich land reduced to tatters- left to ruin because of her failure to accept civil reform. Herman Melville's work in Moby Dick was considered a classic, yet Melville died a figure with lost prestige, poor and unaccepted. When he was laid to rest in 1891, he was remembered only as the author of entertaining novels of the South Seas. It was not until 1920s when his place in America's foremost writers was assured. His works are now great masterpieces of emotion that were misunderstood while he was still alive. Another important example is democracy. In medieval times, monarchies and kingdoms ruled the land. Today, the monarch is merely a figurehead behind the power of democracy. At the birth of the democratic rise of the United States of America, the colonists were thought of as upstart fools- dreamers believing the impossible. English royalists were aghast at the indignation of the colonies to separate from England and form their own country. In present day, the United States is the sole world power, a great

Economics paper

Mall Sullivan University Operations Strategy April 26, 2014 Abstract: Shoulders hospital has been the best service provider for treating hernias and been in demand since a long time. However, due to the limited capacity of 89 beds the hospital is not able to meet the market demand which is causing it to lose its market share and success. The main constraints mentioned in this case study are the number of beds in the hospital for patients and the number of surgeons to operate.In order to remove the above two limitations, Shoulders hospital should come up with single solution that can help them to expand their facility without losing the current service quality. The current paper deals with the analysis of current operations followed by few recommendations for improving their facility without upsetting the present work force and the quality of service. About the Company: Shoulders hospital was started by an Ontario born Dry. Edward Earl Shoulders in 1945. Dry. Shoulders showed interest in medical research since 12 yr of age and graduated from University of Toronto.Dry. Shoulder's work was related to find the cure for pernicious anemia, intestinal obstruction, hydrocephalus cases and his facial concentration was to find innovative surgical method for hernia. The shoulders hospital was initially a six room facility, however the capacity was increased to 36 beds in 138-acre estate and 17,000 square foot main house and then to capacity of 89 beds due to the increasing inflow of patients of both first time and recurring cases. Shoulders method has become so popular for treating hernia. After Dry. Earl, Dry. Bribes Shoulders and Mrs.. W.H Request, the children of Shoulders method inventor followed their father's footsteps and continued practicing and managing the teeth since 1961. In 1965, Dry. Nicholas Boney, companion of Dry. Shoulders started his work as chairman of the board and increased the capacity to 6,850 operations per year by 1982. They have developed the ho spital to a facility with five operating suites, expert surgeons, nurses and staff all working together to treat patients with hernias. History: Dry. Shoulders showed interest in medical research and graduated from University of Toronto in 1916. Dry.Shoulders served medical examining board during World War II and operated many young men in the army for hernias before their training. Due to he limited number of doctors and hospital area, he invented an ambulation method to provide free service to 70 people and named it as Shoulders method. Shoulders method became popular and a large group of people started contacting Dry. Shoulders to get operated for hernias. The lack of hospital area, beds etc. And the demand from the people allowed him to open a hospital in Toronto, Canada and it gained a demand of 48% from northern part of United States.The site initially had a hospital with a capacity of 36 beds and a clinic in one building allowing patients to move from one to other for communi cation and interaction. The site was later expanded to a capacity of 89 beds allowing more patients into the hospital facility. Shoulders Hospital Process: Success rate: The treatment of hernia with no pain and fast recovery is the main objective of the doctors working at Shoulders hospital and had served hernia patients for more than 55 years with 300,000 cases and 99% success. The surgeons at the hospital have 100% success rate executing primary and recurring cases.Customer satisfaction was the primary importance of the shoulders hospital and this was very well taken care by the nurses who provided counseling during recreational activities and socializing vents for patients. The cost of operation was $1030 which is comparatively cheaper than other hospitals. Also the patients were allowed to work, perform physical activities and meet other patients immediately after the operation to discuss their experience in a comfortable environment. The hospital used word of mouth from the pat ient and their experience as a sole source for advertising which brought huge demand.The hospital used standardized equipment for operations thus reducing their operating costs. There were patients from outside the country and were provided with very good care which proves its success. Advantages of Shoulders technique: Unique method Broad patient experience Thoughtful employee policies Experienced surgeons and staff The above mentioned are certain advantages of shoulders technique that differentiate it from other methods used by various surgeons across the country. Situation Analysis: Shoulders method was invented to treat young military men with hernias.This method became more popular due to its speedy recovery and positive surgical results. Dry. Shoulders after serving for the army started his hospital due to the increase in demand for the treatment. Shoulders method involved operating hernia under local anesthesia and pain killers. The method helped the patients to move from the operating table to their rooms and move freely immediate after operation to talk to other patients. The patients have dinner together as a routine so that they can discuss and build up their confidence.The whole process was so successful with 140,000 happy customers due to the positive experience, speedy recovery and lower recurrence percent of 0. 8. The technique was popular among the surgeons as it allowed them to have time for their families, daily activities and good wages. The technique was popular among nurses due to the good wages and time for counseling deeds. Though the hospital was running with good success rate, it had its own further challenges with an accumulation of 1200 patients and available resources.Shoulders hospital needs to come up with a plan to decrease such patient backlog and improve its business with existing quality of service. Problem: The problem that is bothering Shoulders hospital management is that though having a very good method and work force, the y are not able to meet the demand and accumulated a huge number of cases (1200 patients). This might cause them to lose their market. In order to sustain its market share, Shoulders hospital should come up with an idea that can increase its capacity without losing its quality of service.The other problem is that Dry. Boney, the chief surgeon is retiring soon. So, the position has to be filled with someone who has the knowledge of the technique as well as the system. Problem analysis: Shoulders hospital has been treating hernia successfully since 55 years. The fee charged by this hospital for treatment is $2230, which is very less when compared to other hospital facilities who charge $5240. The excessive demand for their treatment method doesn't require any advertising and promotional conducts and was spreading its fame by word of mouth.Such excessive demand has been compelling to expand their facility; however the management has several fears and concerns such as losing its basic pr oficiency and market share etc. Expansion and advertising fear: The management has a fear about expansion in response to the demand for their technique as they preferred in improving their services giving complete proficiency. They also feared about competitors using their name in order to promote themselves which might lead Shoulders hospital to lose its name and be blamed in case of any failure in treatment.Fear about scheduling operations on Saturday: Due to the demand and backlog, if the hospital decides to perform operations on Saturday, they need to set 6 surgeons and 1 supervising surgeon at work on Saturdays. This may disappoint the staff as its not they signed the contract for. The staff also feared that if they increase the capacity, the quality of service might not be the same. Options: The options would include 1 . Performing operations on Saturdays utilizing the existing facility 2. Adding a new floor with 45 hospital beds 3.Opening off new hospital facility in US. Eval uation of options: The criteria for evaluation include costs, quality, comfort, approvals and discontent among staff members. 1) Performing operations on Saturdays can be considered valid as it would use the existing facility thus saving the cost of new construction and avoiding additional investments. The routine of the hospital can be maintained same with similar environment and culture. With this option, the number of surgeries performed per week would increase from 165 to 185 (14% rise).However, there might e a decline in the service quality due to the increase in the work load in the given time period for the staff and the only solution to this problem is to appoint additional staff or by paying additional wages to the existing staff. The benefits of performing operations on Saturdays option would be that it doesn't require approvals from the state, increase in wages and incentives to the staff, reduction in the backlogs and surgeons can spend time with their family. ) Adding a new floor plan with 45 beds would increase the bed count by 50% and can still help in maintaining the quality of service, environment and culture. However, adding a new floor plan would cost 2 Million $ and that can take at least 4 years to recover the costs. It would also require additional staff and surgery rooms due to the increase in the work load by increase in number of beds, housekeeping, laundry and other utility maintenance to accommodate increase in patients.The construction of new floor can cause disturbance to the existing patients. Also, it is difficult to accommodate the increasing patients in the canteen that would disturb the meal hours. 3) The formation of new hospital facility can solve problems like staff working n Saturdays and increase in wages and incentives of the existing staff as the new facility would need a whole new staff and surgeons reducing the pressure on existing setup. Patients can directly consult qualified surgeons rather going to the unqualified ones as earlier.However, the quality of the service cannot be maintained as of the existing facility as it would need hiring of very qualified surgeons and staff which is not an easy task. Also, the new staff should be trained to treat patients as in the existing facility. Finally, the formation of new facility and hiring people is not only mime taking but also requires huge investment and the patients might not come to visit Toronto campus anymore. So this might not be a better option to reduce the patient backlogs.Recommendations: From all the above analysis, I would like to propose few recommendations that can help Shoulders hospital in reducing patient backlogs and improve the facility. The first recommendation would be working on Saturdays with slight changes such as making Saturdays as working days in the month of September (high inflow of patients in this month) and adopting a plan of action to synchronize various activities. Also, the additional rooms in the third floor can be used for keeping patients.The second recommendation would be not to expand or form a new facility in US as hernia operations are common in US and involves huge investment. Also, there can be regulations and issues pertaining to USA government and administration issues to build and run hospital in different country. However, if expanded it might provide new opportunities. The third recommendation would be to patent the Shoulders technique of external hernia treatment so that any other organizations cannot use the name illegally.The forth recommendation would be to implement and adapt a succession and retirement plan for doctors and staff and their families. Giving bonus and incentives to them depending upon their efficient performance and seniority, survey and votes etc. The fifth recommendation would be to continue as a specialized hospital for hernia treatment rather expanding to other treatments thus preventing diversification from its competency. The sixth recommendation woul d be to increase the nurse-patient ratio by hiring more number of nurses to take care of patients and improve the quality of service.The seventh recommendation would be to convert the hostel facilities to hospital beds to allow more inflow of patients and decreasing patient backlogs. An eighth recommendation would be contracting with other local and similar facilities as silent partners and team up with their doctors providing them the required training. This would allow holding the existing position in market with no competition. The final recommendation would be to alter the inflow of patients that can prevent adding more beds by utilizing the freed bed-space. Reference: Hackett,J. (2003). Shoulders hospital limited. Harvard Business Review.